Bladder cancer in western region of Saudi Arabia: pathological and geographical variables

Schistosomjasjs is a parasitic disease which is endemic in certain regions in the world as Egypt. One of the most important consequences of this infection is urinary bladder cancer which has a higher rate worldwide. Yet, its incidence shows a wide range of geographical variation. Although the link between schistosomiasis and bladder cancer is generally accepted, the pathophysiological mechanisms are still unclear. Additionally, there are many other risk factors than schistosomiasis may be having an intimate relation with the development of bladder cancer. One of the most important pathological variables related to the staging of urinary bladder cancer is the pathologic tumor [pT]. This factor is essentiaily landmarked by invasion of lamina propria muscularis mucosae [MM], and muscularis propria [MP] by the cancerous cells. The aim of this study is to analyze the various pathological characteristics of schistosomal and non schistosonmi bladder cancer. In the same way is to explore the incidence of this tumor and its geographical relations. As well as to evaluate other associated bladder lesions in relation to this tumor such as carcinoma in situ, types of metaplasia and the degree of inflammatory cells infiltrate in the tumor tissue. Additionally is to assess the different variables of invasion as lamina propria MM and MP invasion. Also, is to analyze the pathological variables of other types of bladder cancers as adenocarcinoma and sarcomatoid carcinoma. Finally is to compare our findings with other previous publications mentioned worldwide. This is an analytical, hospital based case study performed in King Abdul-Aziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Western region, Kingdom Saudi Arabia. The study included [n=180] bladder cancer cases. The regional incidence of bladder cancer was identified and studied, then making comparison between schistosomal and non schistosomal bladder cancer in different countries. Additionally, the study was analyzed the possible risk factors and studying the most recent 2004 WHO classification of urothelial neoplasms. Patients' medical records were reviewed for the clinicoradiological findings. Finally, histopathological examination for all cases was performed. The histological evaluation of these cases included the various types of this cancers and their categorization according to WHO classification. The degree of invasion, associated lesions as carcinoma in situ, metaplasia and the deposition of schistosomal ova were also assessed. Finally, the cases were looked for the inflammatory cells infiltrate including the degree of infiltration in a trial to analyze the value of immune response in disease recurrence and progression. The study was performed on 180 cases of urinary bladder specimens. These specimens included 15 cases [8.3%] radical cystectomy specimens, and the remaining 165 cases [91.7%] were bladder biopsies. The majority of cases studied were urothelial neoplasms, which comprised 161 cases [89.4%]. Additionally, squamous cell carcinoma [SCC] represented 12 cases [6.7%], adenocarcinoma 5 cases [2.8%], and sarcomatoid carcinoma was 2 cases [1.1%]. Among all these cases studied schistosomal bladder cancer represented 13 cases [7.2%] whereas, the remaining 167 cases [92.8%] were non schistosomal bladder cancer. The schistosomal associated cancer cases included II cases [6.1%] SCC and 2 cases [1.1%] were TCC. For tumor invasion, MP invasion was detected in 30 cases 916.7%], and lamina propria MM invasion was observed in 45 cases [25%]. The conclusion of this study includes, in spite that schistosomiasis plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of bladder cancer, there is a wide geographical distribution for schistosomal infestation and hence for the histological types of bladder cancer. Additionally, the majority of bladder cancer in this study is urothelial neoplasms while; the minority is non transitional cell carcinoma. In the same way schistosomal associated bladder cancer represents a minor degree in comparison to endemic areas. Also, there is a major discrepancy in the incidence of this tumor in relation to various countries. As well as there are many other risk factors may be linked to the development of this tumor. Finally, one of the most important prognostic factors for invasive urinary bladder cancer is tumor grade. The corner stone of the pathologic tumor [pT] is the evaluation of the depth of invasive malignant cells in the bladder wall

Effect of sucrose and abscisic acid on in vitro growth and development of date palm during rooting stage

A typical somatic embryogenesis protocol for date palm involves a series of consecutive stages beginning with somatic embryo induction, maturation, germination and ending with rooting stage. One of the main problems of in vitro propagation is acclimatization of derived plantlets. Rooting and subsequently acclimatization stages were considered the most important stages in the commercial scale. This study was carried out to overcome the problems through rooting stage. Shootlets [5-7 cm in length] of date palm cv. Bartamuda were cultured on rooting MS medium [three quarters or half strength] supplemented with ABA [0.0, 0.25, 0.50, and 1.0mg /l], sucrose [15, 30 and 45 g/l] to study their effects on root number, root length, length of plantlets, growth vigor, plantlet and root thickness. This study showed that, sucrose at the highest concentration [45g/l] and ABA at 0.25 mg/l increased significantly root formation during rooting stage. Using 3/4 MS salt strength medium supplemented with ABA at 0.25 mg/l and sucrose at 45 g/l increased significantly the number of roots, plantlet length, growth vigor, plantlet and root thickness, while control MS medium [ABA free medium] recorded the highest value of plantlet lengt, 1/2 MS medium increased significantly the root length

Chemical and technological studies on Jew's mallow leaves [Molukhyia]

The present work was Performed to determine the chemical composition of Jew's mallow leaves and the effects of some processed treatments such as drying using a hot air oven, microwave, or freezing. The results revealed that fresh and dried Jew's mallow leaves contained a high content of crude protein [30.63 and 30.9%], microwave treatment of dried Jew's mallow leaves led to a not able decrease in crude protein [7.96%]. The free amino acid content was 8.56, 6.85, 1.83 and 1.27% for fresh, frozen, dried and microwave treated leaves respectively. All treatments yielded a high content of ash [13.38%] which contained many minerals [Fe, Mg, Ca, Cu. K, Zn, Mn and Na]. The processing treatment led to decrease the pigment content [chi. A, b and total chlorophyll]. The sponge cake and pan bread which fortified with 2% powder of dried Jew's mallow leaves as a source of histidine yielded acceptable scores for organoleptic evaluation with respect to colour, taste and odour

On chromite mineralization and hosting serpentinites at Gebel Um Khasila area, eastern desert, Egypt

The present work deals with serpentinites and the associated chromite mineralization at Gebel Um Khasila area in the Central Eastern Desert, Egypt. Chromite occurs as lenses localized along thrust faults in serpentinites. The serpentinites were formed principally after peridotite to dunite constituting the base of ultramafic rocks of a dismembered ophiolite sequence. The serpentinites are similar to Alpine - type ultramafic rocks. The predominant occurrence of antigorite is almost identical to the regionally metamorphosed antigorite serpentinites.The chromite mineralization occurs as massive, nodular and disseminated crystals and may exhibit a pull-part texture. Alteration of chromite was initiated simulteaneously with the serpentinization and probably accelerated with the intrusion of the metagabbro-diorite, masses. Reaction rims of chromite with host rock was possibly initiated by ascending Fe-rich solution and altering the chromite composition

Assessment of the severity of acute poisoning using poison severity score [PSS] and acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II score [APACHEII]

Drug intoxication is a major medical and health problem in developed as well as in developing countries. In the course of time, the rate incidence of drug intoxication has increased. Subjective evaluation of clinical status by individual clinicians may differ in terminology, and even in management of the severity of illness. Hence, various descriptive and prognostic evaluation scales [scoring systems] have been developed during the last three decades. The objective of the present study was the assessment of the severity of acute poisoning using Poison Severity Score [PSS] and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II Score [APACHEII]. The study was carried out on 435 patients suffering from acute intoxication and admitted to the Poison Unit at the Main University Hospital. The results showed that most of the patients were in the age group of 15-30 years and that organophosphorus pesticides were the most common type of poison encountered. Accidental poisoning represented the largest mode of poisoning where most of the patients [80.5%] suffered from typical symptoms and signs. Patients follow-up revealed complete recovery in 30.1% of cases, clinical improvement in 64.4% of cases and two deaths. PSS was applied to all cases where a remarkable improvement was seen in most cases of the three PSS categories [mild. moderate, and severe] with no significant relation between PSS and patients outcome. On the other hand, applying APACHEII score to all cases showed a significant relationship between APACHEII score and both duration of stay in hospital and patients outcome. In addition, the present study showed that APACHEII was a good indicator for mortality

Accumulation of cadmium in rats fed diets containing dietary fiber-rich bakery product

Cadmium is a potentially toxic trace element. The use of fertilizers and pesticides has led to an increase of cadmium level in soil. This might increase the intake of cadmium into agricultural crops. On the other hand, wheat bran and carrots are recommended as important sources of dietary fiber. In this study flat bread was prepared by replacing 50% of the flour with wheat bran. Biscuit was also prepared using 15% of the flour as carrot powder. The contents of cadmium were found to be 0.45, 0.57, 0.12 and 0.098 mg/kg in wheat bran, carrot powder, flat bread and biscuit, respectively. Phytic acid, dietary fiber and minerals [zinc, iron, calcium and cupper] contents of bran, carrot powder as well as flat bread and biscuit as bakery products were also determined. The accumulation of cadmium in the liver, kidneys, brain and plasma of rats fed diets containing the previous products for 9 weeks was measured. The results revealed a higher accumulation of cadmium in the case of the animals fed diets containing carrot powder than those fed diets containing wheat bran. The concentrations of inositol phosphate fractions [IP[3], IP[4], IP[5] and IP[6]] were also determined using HPLC method

Factors affecting variations in exposure to infections by Leishmania donovani in eastern Sudan

A cross-sectional survey was carried out in Gedaref state, eastern Sudan to investigate the prevalence of positive leishmanin skin tests and environmental factors related to Leishmania donovani infection. A total of 3835 people living in 11 villages in 3 regions were screened. Soil types and tree densities were determined in 33 villages inhabited by 44 different tribes. The highest rates of positive skin tests were in Rahad region [33.9%], Atbara [21.6%] and Gedaref [10.6%], with an average of 21.1% for the state. Risk of infection by L. donovani varied significantly between different tribes. Higher densities of Acacia and Balanites spp. trees were in Masaleet villages, suggesting that the relatively high risk of L. donovani exposure in this tribe is due to environmental factors

Hepatitis c virus among different social classes at El-Minia governorate; intra familial spread and psychosocial effects

The aim of the study was to evaluate the intra- familial spread of hepatitis C virus among different social classes and the psychosocial effects in patients with hepatitis C. Fifty patients with chronic hepatitis C were studied. They were classified into A, B and C classes according to their social levels based on the educational degrees, the jobs and the monthly income. All patients answered a questionnaire, which was specifically designed to evaluate the psychosocial effects of HCV infection. This questionnaire included the post infection mode of dealing with the family contacts, friends and colleagues, feelings, behavioral changes, personality changes, and psychosomatic disorders. On the other hand, the family contacts of the patients were subjected to anti HCV antibodies to evaluate the intra-familial spread and positive cases were subjected to HCV RNA [PCR] to reflect the existing viremia. The results showed that there was a significant increased incidence of HCV among the lower social classes. The intra-familial spread of HCV was evaluated among the family members of the 50 patients of the study. The overall positive anti HCV ratio was 8.42 [16/190] and all such positive familial contacts were tested for PCR to reflect the existing viremia. The total number of the positive spouses was 12 cases [24.5%] [five husbands and seven wives] of the total cases. The incidence of the positivity of spouses was significantly increased with the duration of marriage. The total number of sons was 75 of whom three were positive for HCV antibodies by ELISA, one of them showed a negative PCR. On the other hand, the total number of daughters was 66 of whom only one was infected with no significant difference between sons and daughters. Also, there were negative psychosocial effects on the patients reflected by the prevalent psychosomatic disorders

IgG isotypes in Schistosomiasis patients before and after praziquantel

This work evaluated circulating anti-SWAP IgG1 and IgG4 in patients with active S. Mansoni infection before and after PZQ and its correlation to clinical, laboratory and sonographic data. The main complaints were abdominal discomfort, pain, tensmus and bleeding per rectum, which decreased progressively after PZQ. The results indicated that anti-SWAP IgG1 and IgG4 were significantly higher in patients than controls. The results also showed a progressive significant decrease in the level of circulating anti-SWAP IgG1 after treatment, a decrease of IgG4 three months after treatment and a decrease in the egg count after therapy. But, no significant difference in IgG1 or IgG4 was noticed between male and female patients before and after treatment. There was no significant difference in IgG1 or IgG4 in patients having GIT manifestation and organomegalic patients and/or asymptomatic patients. Also, there was no significant difference in IgG1 or IgG4 between patients with grade 0, grade I and grade II periportal fibrosis. The sensitivity of ELISA IgG1 was 73.3% and specificity was 80%, while of ELISA IgG4 was 80%. Enlarged liver and/or spleen, periportal fibrosis and dilated PV detected by ultrasonography were more among patients than controls. There was no significant difference in hematological parameters and liver function tests between patients and control groups. The study showed that ELISA is sensitive and specific for IgG1 and IgG4. Anti- SWAP IgG1 and IgG4 are useful means in diagnosis and cure and consider as parameters for evaluating cure. Follow up of anti-schistosomal IgG1 and IgG4 is useful for assessment of treatment

Circulating filarial antigens for monitoring the efficacy of ivermectin in treatment of filariasis

Seventy-three asymptomatic bancroftian filariasis patients with positive microfilaria in their blood films were included in this study. The patients were randomly divided into two groups: Ivermectin group given two doses [each of 100 ug/kg body weight three months apart] and 23 cases given two doses of placebo. The initial mean microfilaria [MF] count was 111/ml. At three months after ivermectin therapy, the mean MF became 7.8/ml and 24% of ivermectin treated cases had no detectable MF. At 6, 9 and 12 months; the mean MF count became 4.1, 6.5 and 11/ml with a microfilaria in 54%, 42% and 40% of treated cases, respectively. On the other hand, no statistically significant change in the mean MF count in placebo group was detected

Increased serum levels of hepatocyte growth factor [HGF] in type 2 diabetes mellitus associated with ischemic heart disease is a good predictor biochemical marker for diagnosis of coronary atherosclerosis

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular complications are the major causes of morbidity and mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Injury of endothelial cells has been postulated as the initial trigger of progression of atherosclerosis in diabetes mellitus. It has been hypothesized that HGF might contribute to the protection or repair of vascular endothelial cells. Therefore, this study was designed to find out how much type 2 diabetes with and without ischemic heart disease affect the level of HGF and to find out any relationship between the change in serum HGF and development of coronary atherosclerosis. HGF levels were measured by ELIZA in the serum of 16 healthy volunteers and 44 type 2 diabetic subjects.13 of them had ischemic heart disease with coronary atherosclerosis, other 15 had ischemic heart disease with normal coronary angiogram while the remaining 16 diabetic subjects has no ischemic heart disease and without any complications. IN addition to, ultrasonographic measurements of the combined thickness of the common carotid intima and media [CCA-IMT] was done to all subjects to examine early vessel wall changes in atherosclerosis. Serum HGF levels were statistically significantly decreased and the mean CCA-IMT were significantly increased in uncomplicated diabetic subgroup [group II] compared to controls [P<0.05] on the other hand, we found that serum HGF levels were statistically significantly increased and the mean CCA-IMT were significantly increased in other two diabetic subgroups [diabetics with ischemic heart disease] [group III and IV] compared to controls [P < 0.05, P<0.01] respectively. Also, we found that serum HGF levels and the mean CCA-IMT were statistically significantly increased in diabetics with ischemic heart disease and with coronary atherosclerosis compared to diabetic with ischemic heart disease and with normal coronary angiogram [P<0.05]. Clycozylated haemoglobin [HbAIC] was significantly increased in diabetic subgroups compared to controls [P<0.05, P<0.05 and P<0.01] respectively. And in diabetics with coronary atherosclerosis compared to those without [P<0.05]. HDL-C was significantly decreased in diabetic with ischemic heart disease and with coronary atherosclerosis compared to those without [P<0.05]. Significant negative correlation were obtained between serum HGF and each of HbA1c [r=-0.614, P<0.01] and CCA-IMT [r=-0.66, P<0.01] in uncomplicated diabetics and significant positive correlation between serum HGF and each of HbA1c [r=+0.62, P<0.01] and CCA-IMT [r+0.68, P<0.01] in diabetics with ischemic heart disease with and without coronary atherosclerosis. At the same time, we found significant positive correlation between CCA-IMT and each of age of diabetics [r=+0.43, P<0.05], duration of diabetes [r+0.41, P<0.05] and HbA1c [r=+0.71, p<0.01] in all diabetic subgroups. We can conclude that serum HGF decreased in uncomplicated diabetics and increased in diabetic with ischemic heart disease especially those with coronary atherosclerosis. increased serum HGF may be involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes and can be used as a useful test for predicting these atherosclerotic lesions. Treatment strategies to decrease HGF in type 2 diabetics complicated with atherosclerotic vascular disease by the use of growth modulating factors may prove to be useful to prevent and slow the progression of atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Plasma levels of leptin in patients with chronic heart failure

Chronic heart failure [CHF] is a syndrome characterized by energy dysregulation. In this study, plasma levels of leptin, a protein hormone secreted by adipocytcs and involved in energy regulation, were determined in fourty patients with CHF divided into two equal groups; mild CHF patients, with New York Heart Association [NYHA] functional class 2, and severe CHF patients with NYHA functional class 3 or 4. Left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] as determined by echocardiography was < 45% in all patients. The study included also 20 healthy subjects matched for age, gender and body mass index, as controls. Plasma leptin levels were determined by radioimmunoassay. showed significant elevation in plasma leptin levels in patients with severe CHF [8.3 +/- 0.5 ng/nil] compared to controls [5.2 +/- 0.4 ng/ ml, p < 0.001] and mild CHF patients [6.8 +/- 0.6 ng / ml, p< 0.05], with a significant difference between mild CHF patients and controls [p < 0.05]. Signifcant negative [r = 0.362, p < 0.05] and positive [r = + 0.376, p < 0.05] correlations were noticed between plasma leptin levels and each of LVEF and NYHA functional class respectively. we found that patients with CHF were hyperleptinenic with significant correlation between plasma leptin levels and severity of the disease. Further studies arc recommended to clarify the significance of these findings, and we wonder whether leptin could be a marker and / or mediator of energy dysregulation in CHF patients

Increased carotid intimal medial thickness in type 2 diabetes: relation to D-dimers

We investigated common carotid artery intimal - medial thickness [CCA-IMT] as an evidence of generalized atherosclerosis and D-dimers plasma concentrations as a measure of fibrinolytic activity, in 30 type 2 diabetic subjects [with no clinical coronary artery disease [CAD] cerebrovascular or peripheral vascular disease] and 15 healthy control subjects. Also the interrelation between CCA-IMT and D-dimers plasma concentrations and their relations with lipid status and blood sugar levels were evaluated. Diabetic subjects had significantly higher CCA-IMT and D-dimers plasma concentrations than control subjects. In diabetic subjects CCA-IMT and D-dimers plasma concentrations were significantly directly correlated with each other [P<0.01] and with FBS. 2 hPPBS, HbA[Ic], duration of diabetes, plasma fibrinogen, serum cholesterol, LDL-C and age of diabetic subjects. Diabetic subjects with better blood sugar control [FBS<140mg/dl] had significantly lower D-dimers plasma concentrations and non significantly less CCA-IMT than those with poor blood sugar control [FBS>140mg/dl]. suggesting that control of hyperglycaemia reduce haemostatic activation significantly. It is concluded that type 2 diabetic subjects without clinical CAD.cerebrovascular or peripheral vascular diseases, have a higher degree of atherosclerosis than normal control. Also this atherosclerosis is associated with enhanced Fibrin deposition and degradation as evidenced by increased D-dimers plasma concentrations. The control of hyperglycaemia and dyslipidemia that accompanies diabetes, possibly reduce or even prevent the progression of intimal medial thickening and will reduce significantly the activation of haemostasis leading to reduction of CAD and stroke risk

Evaluation of TNF alpha and ILI beta cytokines in hepatocellular carcinoma [HCC] cases

The aim of this study was to estimate the levels of TNF alpha and ILI beta cytokines in 35 HCC patients and ten healthy controls in order to determine the implication of these cytokines in the pathogenesis of such conditions and subsequently establishing a therapeutic scheme. An estimation of serum TNF alpha and ILI beta levels was done using ELISA technique. The results showed a statistical significant elevation of TNF alpha and ILI beta levels in HCC patients when compared with the control group with a positive correlation between these two cytokines. It was recommended to use TNF alpha mutated protein by altering amino acid sequences to modulate affinities to TNF alpha receptors to be active against HCC without severe toxicities

Nitric oxide levels in patients with chronic renal failure before and after treatment with haemodialysis and renal transplantation

Nitric oxide [NO], an extensively studied endothelium - derived relaxing factor, seems to be a very potent regulator of intrarenal hemodynamics. Rats with chronic renal failure have a low nitric oxide [NO] production and a diminished NO excretion.The supplementation of L-arginine has an inhibitory effect on the progression of renal insufficiency. The Present study was designed to determine whether chronic renal failure patients have a low NO production. Plasma and urine nitrate [N03] and nitrite [N02] stable metabolites of NO, were measured in 50 patients with chronic renal failure. The 50 chronic renal failure patients were divided into five groups; group 1, mild renal failure [Creatinine clearance> 60 ml / min / 1.73 m[2]]; group 2, moderate renal failure [Creatinine Clearance> 30 < 60 ml / min. / 1.73 m[2]] and group 3, severe renal failure [Creatinine Clearance < 30 ml / min. / 1.73. m[2]], group 4, severe renal failure under hemodialysis, group 5, transplanted group. Each group was 10 patients. The study included also 10 healthy subjects matched for age, gender, body mass index and diet served as controls. Results showed that the daily urinary NO excretion was significantly lower in patients with moderate and severe renal failure as compared with those with mild renal failure and normal controls [P < 0.01]. At the same time the daily urinary NO excretion was not statistically significant in transplanted group when compared with those of controls [P > 0.05], but was statistically significant in severe CRF patients under haemodialysis when compared with controls [P < 0.01]. Plasma NO was significantly elevated in chronic renal failure patients as compared with normal controls [P < 0.05]. But increase in plasma NO in transplanted group was statistically not significant when compared with controls [P > 0.05]. The 24 - hour urinary NO excretion was correlated with creatinine clearance in chronic renal failure patients [P < 0.05 and P < 0.01] respectively, in different groups, but not correlated with 24 hour urinary protein [P> 0.05]. Plasma NO in renal failure patients was not correlated with creatinine clearance or 24 hour urinary protein [P > 0.05]. In conclusion, we found that chronic renal failure is a state of NO deficiency. Treatment stategies to increase NO production [L-arginine supplementation or other NO compounds] may prove to be useful in maintaining the renal function and slow the progression of renal disease

Detection of schistosomal antigens by immunoperoxidase technique in tissues of mice infected with s mansoni before and after praziquantel therapy

Using antisera prepared against S. mansoni worms, antigens could be detected in the liver, spleen and intestine of mice by the indirect immunoperoxidase technique. No antigens could be detected in the kidney although some pathological changes appeared in the glomeruli and tubules. The schistosomal antigens were detected nine weeks following infection and increased staining was observed at the 11th week. The antigens were shown in the liver, in Kupffer cells and some inflammatory cells around granulomata, in the spleen in the macrophages near the white pulp, while in the intestine in the inflammatory cells around granulomata and in some lining epithelial cells. Heavy staining was shown in the viscera of worms in the liver and intestine compared to weak staining of the cuticle. There was no marked change in the antigen detection in different tissues two weeks after praziquantel therapy, while marked decrease occurred four weeks after treatment. Immunoperoxidase technique can be considered as a rapid, easy and sensitive method for antigen detection in different tissues with schistosomiasis

Cross-reactions in immunodiagnosis of patients infected with schistosoma, fasciola and heterophyes using Elisa

Cross-reactions in immuno-diagnosis using schistosomal soluble egg antigen [SEA] and fasciola adult worm antigen in cases with fascioliasis, heterophyiasis and schistosomiasis were studied by ELISA technique. False positive reaction occurred in 10% of cases with fascioliasis and heterophyiasis, respectively, when using schistosomal SEA. Using fasciola crude antigen, false positive reaction occurred in 25% of cases with schistosomiasis and 35% with heterophyiasis. The specificity of SEA in heterologous cases was 87%, while that of fasciola antigen was 70%. This difference was found to be statistically significant

Dot-Elisa in diagnosis of schistosomiasis

1 ul of S. mansoni egg antigen was dotted directly on the nitrocellulose paper sheet acting as the adsorbent surface [9 dots/paper]. The sera of 25 Egyptian patients and 15 healthy persons [2 ul of each] were dotted over the antigen dots, then 2 ml of each of the blocking, washing, HRP-conjugated IgG and DAB adding procedures were added over the nitrocellulose paper in the Petri dish at room temperature. An intact brown circle [by naked-eye] indicated a positive in Dot-ELISA. There is an insignificant dot color intensities in different clinical stages of S. mansoni infected Egyptian, whereas a direct relation was obtained between egg count and color intensity of the dots. The test had 100% sensitivity and 86% specificity, thus it appears to be useful for both laboratory and field studies